{"id":2530,"date":"2020-12-05T22:11:40","date_gmt":"2020-12-05T20:11:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/firebox.com.ua\/?p=2530"},"modified":"2020-12-05T22:11:40","modified_gmt":"2020-12-05T20:11:40","slug":"shema-podklyucheniya-proizvodstvennoj-kotelnoj","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/firebox.com.ua\/ro\/shema-podklyucheniya-proizvodstvennoj-kotelnoj\/","title":{"rendered":"Schema de conectare a cazanelor industriale"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>Schema termic\u0103 a unui cazan industrial cu abur<\/h1>\n<p>Principiul de func\u021bionare al cazanelor industriale cu abur const\u0103 \u00een furnizarea consumatorilor de proces cu abur cu o presiune de 1,4-2,4 MPa, care este utilizat pentru \u00eenc\u0103lzirea apei pentru alimentarea cu ap\u0103 cald\u0103 \u0219i \u00eenc\u0103lzire. Preg\u0103tirea apei se realizeaz\u0103 \u00een schimb\u0103toarele de c\u0103ldur\u0103 din re\u021bea instalate \u00een camerele cazanelor adiacente. Aceast\u0103 abordare a \u00eenc\u0103lzirii centrale a fost considerat\u0103 cea mai economic\u0103 \u00een trecut, dar ast\u0103zi eficien\u021ba este \u0219i ea greu de pus sub semnul \u00eentreb\u0103rii. Am decis s\u0103 lu\u0103m \u00een considerare principiul func\u021bion\u0103rii unei case de cazane industriale cu abur, schema sa termic\u0103 \u0219i specificul muncii. Schema de conectare a cazanelor de produc\u021bie \u00eei va ajuta pe inginerii tehnicienilor de produc\u021bie \u00een \u00eenc\u0103lzire care nu au o experien\u021b\u0103 de lucru care era fundamental\u0103 \u00een timpul sovietic.<\/p>\n<p>Trebuie spus c\u0103 consumatorii de abur pentru nevoile lor iau o cantitate mic\u0103 de c\u0103ldur\u0103 pentru a asigura \u00eenc\u0103lzirea, ventila\u021bia \u0219i alimentarea cu ap\u0103 cald\u0103. De obicei se folose\u0219te un sistem \u00eenchis, deja men\u021bionat \u00een publica\u021biile noastre. \u00cen astfel de cazane, \u00eenc\u0103lzirea apei pentru alimentarea cu ap\u0103 cald\u0103 \u0219i, eventual, \u00eenc\u0103lzirea are loc \u00een schimb\u0103toarele de c\u0103ldur\u0103 locale \u0219i nu afecteaz\u0103 aportul total de ap\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Schema termic\u0103 schematic\u0103 a unei centrale de produc\u021bie, conceput\u0103 pentru furnizarea de cantit\u0103\u021bi mici de abur consumatorilor, este prezentat\u0103 \u00een diagrama termic\u0103.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"570\"><a href=\"https:\/\/firebox.com.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/proizvodstvennaya-kotelnaya.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2600\" src=\"https:\/\/firebox.com.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/proizvodstvennaya-kotelnaya.jpg\" alt=\"- -\" width=\"659\" height=\"463\" title=\"- -\"><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"570\">Schema termic\u0103 a unei centrale de produc\u021bie:<\/p>\n<p><em>1<\/em> - fierb\u0103tor cu aburi; <em>2<\/em> - expansor de purjare continu\u0103; <em>3<\/em> - pompa de apa de machiaj; <em>4<\/em> - barbotator; <em>5<\/em> - r\u0103citor cu purjare continu\u0103; <em>6<\/em> - incalzitor de apa bruta; <em>7<\/em> - tratarea chimic\u0103 a apei; <em>8<\/em> - pompe de alimentare; <em>9<\/em> - pompa de machiaj; <em>10<\/em> - racitor de apa de machiaj; <em>11<\/em> - pompa de retea; <em>12<\/em> - racitor de condens; <em>13<\/em> - incalzitor de retea; <em>14<\/em> - incalzitor pentru apa purificata chimic; <em>15 <\/em>- racitor de vapori; <em>16<\/em> - dezaerator atmosferic; <em>17<\/em> - unitate de reducere si racire<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Dup\u0103 cum pute\u021bi vedea, aceasta este o schem\u0103 de \u00eenc\u0103lzire destul de complex\u0103, care este semnificativ diferit\u0103 de cele pe care clien\u021bii no\u0219tri sunt obi\u0219nui\u021bi s\u0103 le vad\u0103 \u00een cazanele compacte. Principiul func\u021bion\u0103rii sale const\u0103 \u00een urm\u0103toarele procese de produc\u021bie.<\/p>\n<h3>Cum se \u00eenc\u0103lze\u0219te apa de \u00eenc\u0103lzire<\/h3>\n<p>Pompa de ap\u0103 brut\u0103 livreaz\u0103 ap\u0103 la r\u0103citorul de ap\u0103 de purjare, unde este \u00eenc\u0103lzit\u0103 de c\u0103ldura tampon a apei de purjare. \u00cen etapa urm\u0103toare, este \u00eenc\u0103lzit la 20-30 \u00b0 C \u00eentr-un \u00eenc\u0103lzitor de ap\u0103 brut\u0103 cu abur-ap\u0103. Dup\u0103 ce este trimis la tratarea chimic\u0103 a apei.<\/p>\n<p>Apa purificat\u0103 chimic finit intr\u0103 \u00een r\u0103citorul cu ap\u0103 dezaerat\u0103, unde este \u00eenc\u0103lzit\u0103 la temperatura setat\u0103 \u00een sistem. Apoi apa este \u00eenc\u0103lzit\u0103 \u00een \u00eenc\u0103lzitor cu abur. \u00cenainte de a intra \u00een dezaerator, o parte din ap\u0103 este trecut\u0103 prin r\u0103citorul de vapori al deaeratorului.<\/p>\n<h3>\u00cenc\u0103lzirea apei de \u00eenc\u0103lzire finite<\/h3>\n<p>Preg\u0103tirea transportorului de c\u0103ldur\u0103 sau a apei calde pentru consum \u00een cazanele locale se realizeaz\u0103 secven\u0163ial \u00een dou\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103lzitoare de re\u0163ea cu abur. Condensul rezultat este trimis la capul dezaeratorului. De asemenea, colecteaz\u0103 lichid de la consumatorii externi de abur, dac\u0103 exist\u0103. Acelea\u0219i schimb\u0103toare de c\u0103ldur\u0103 sunt disponibile \u00een camera central\u0103 a cazanelor. Ele sunt discutate \u00een aceast\u0103 descriere.<\/p>\n<h3>\u00cenc\u0103lzirea apei \u00eentr-un cazan cu aburi<\/h3>\n<p>\u00cenc\u0103lzirea apei \u00een dezaerator se realizeaz\u0103 cu abur de la cazane \u0219i abur dintr-un expandor de purjare continu\u0103. Apa de purjare dup\u0103 r\u0103cire \u00een timpul purj\u0103rii continue este desc\u0103rcat\u0103 \u00eentr-un barbotator (pu\u0163 de purjare).<\/p>\n<p>Apa preparat\u0103 dup\u0103 dezaerator cu o temperatur\u0103 de 104 \u00b0 C intr\u0103 \u00een cazanele de abur. Apa de completare vine \u0219i dup\u0103 dezaerator, dar este pre-r\u0103cit\u0103 de r\u0103citorul de ap\u0103 de completare la 70 \u00b0 C. Acest lucru se face \u00eenainte de alimentarea pompei de rapel.<\/p>\n<p>Utilizarea unui dezaerator \u00een tratarea apei este justificat\u0103 din punct de vedere economic, dar este posibil\u0103 numai \u00een sistemele \u00eenchise de alimentare cu c\u0103ldur\u0103, unde consumul masei de ap\u0103 de reluare este sc\u0103zut.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen sistemele deschise cu un debit mare de ap\u0103 de completare sunt instalate dou\u0103 dezaeratoare. Unul preg\u0103te\u0219te apa de alimentare, cel\u0103lalt preg\u0103te\u0219te apa de completare. Pentru cazanele cu abur se folosesc de obicei dezaeratoare atmosferice.<\/p>\n<h3>Unitati reductoare pentru reducerea presiunii aburului<\/h3>\n<p>\u00cen unele cazuri, consumatorii de proces necesit\u0103 abur cu presiune mai mic\u0103. \u00cen aceste scopuri, se utilizeaz\u0103 o unitate de reducere sau o unitate de reducere-r\u0103cire pentru a reduce presiunea \u0219i respectiv temperatura aburului.<\/p>\n<h2>Schema de conectare a cazanelor industriale: moduri de func\u021bionare \u0219i calcule<\/h2>\n<p>Calculul func\u021bion\u0103rii circuitelor termice pentru cazane industriale se realizeaz\u0103 \u00een trei moduri:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>iarna maxima;<\/li>\n<li>cea mai rece lun\u0103 a anului;<\/li>\n<li>pentru luna de var\u0103.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In aceste scopuri si o justificare tehnica si economica se foloseste bilantul termic si materiale, calculat pentru fiecare element al sistemului. Dac\u0103 nu este implicat\u0103 o schimbare a st\u0103rii de faz\u0103 a lichidului de r\u0103cire, atunci echilibrul este descris prin formula:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"571\"><a href=\"https:\/\/firebox.com.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/balans1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2602\" src=\"https:\/\/firebox.com.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/balans1.jpg\" alt=\"- -\" width=\"227\" height=\"43\" title=\"- -\"><\/a><\/td>\n<td width=\"67\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Unde <em>G<\/em><sub>Oh<\/sub>, <em>G<\/em><sub>n<\/sub> - consumul total, respectiv, al calduratorilor raciti si incalziti, kg\/s; <em>c<\/em><sub>Oh<\/sub>, <em>c<\/em><sub>n<\/sub> - capacitatea termic\u0103 specific\u0103 medie a dou\u0103 tipuri de agen\u021bi de transfer termic, kJ\/(kg \u00b7 \u00b0C); - respectiv, temperaturile ini\u021biale \u0219i finale ale lichidului de r\u0103cire de r\u0103cit, \u00b0C; - temperaturile ini\u021biale \u0219i finale ale purt\u0103torului de c\u0103ldur\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103lzit, \u00b0C; \u03b7 este randamentul schimb\u0103torului de c\u0103ldur\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e2nd starea de faz\u0103 a lichidului de r\u0103cire care urmeaz\u0103 s\u0103 fie r\u0103cit se modific\u0103, se utilizeaz\u0103 o formul\u0103 de echilibrare diferit\u0103:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"369\"><a href=\"https:\/\/firebox.com.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/formula3.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2604\" src=\"https:\/\/firebox.com.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/formula3.jpg\" alt=\"- -\" width=\"187\" height=\"45\" title=\"- -\"><\/a><\/td>\n<td width=\"62\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>unde sunt entalpiile specifice ini\u021biale \u0219i finale (con\u021binutul de c\u0103ldur\u0103) ale lichidului de r\u0103cire care este r\u0103cit, respectiv kJ\/kg.<\/p>\n<p>Dac\u0103 lichidul de r\u0103cire \u00eenc\u0103lzit \u00ee\u0219i schimb\u0103 starea de faz\u0103, se utilizeaz\u0103 un calcul conform formulei:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"369\"><a href=\"https:\/\/firebox.com.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/formula2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2603\" src=\"https:\/\/firebox.com.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/formula2.jpg\" alt=\"- -\" width=\"217\" height=\"44\" title=\"- -\"><\/a><\/td>\n<td width=\"62\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>unde sunt, respectiv, entalpiile specifice ini\u021biale \u0219i finale ale lichidului de r\u0103cire \u00eenc\u0103lzit, kJ\/kg.<\/p>\n<p>Dac\u0103 ambii lichide de r\u0103cire \u00ee\u0219i schimb\u0103 starea de faz\u0103, atunci ecua\u021bia de echilibru ia forma:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"369\"><a href=\"https:\/\/firebox.com.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/formula4.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2605\" src=\"https:\/\/firebox.com.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/formula4.jpg\" alt=\"- -\" width=\"188\" height=\"44\" title=\"- -\"><\/a><\/td>\n<td width=\"62\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Ca rezultat al calculelor, sunt selectate cazane care ofer\u0103 capacitatea de abur \u0219i parametrii de abur necesari.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"button24\" href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/uslovnye-oboznacheniya-na-teplovyh-shemah.pdf\">Simboluri<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a class=\"button24\" href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/uslovnye-oboznacheniya-na-teplovyh-shemah.pdf\">Comanda\u021bi un proiect de cazane pentru produc\u021bie<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0422\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u043d\u0430\u0431\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0441 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c 1,4-2,4 \u041c\u041f\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0413\u0412\u0421 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445, \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u043c \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e. [&#8230;]\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2587,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2530","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-shemy-sistem-otopleniya"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/firebox.com.ua\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2530","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/firebox.com.ua\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/firebox.com.ua\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/firebox.com.ua\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/firebox.com.ua\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2530"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/firebox.com.ua\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2530\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/firebox.com.ua\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2587"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/firebox.com.ua\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2530"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/firebox.com.ua\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2530"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/firebox.com.ua\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2530"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}